Peptide therapy has gained popularity as a potential health and longevity booster, but experts are warning of cautions and limitations.
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that act as messengers involved in processes like metabolism, growth and immune function, according to Cleveland Clinic.
Some peptides have shown potential in helping with skin health, metabolism, muscle recovery and immunity, although research is limited, experts say.
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"'Peptides' is a broad umbrella that includes everything from well-studied, FDA-approved therapies to experimental compounds marketed for anti-aging with limited human data," Dr. Brad Younggren, a board-certified physician and CEO and co-founder of Circulate Health in Seattle, Washington, told Fox News Digital.
Injectable GLP-1 diabetes and weight-loss drugs are a common form of peptides, he noted.
"Most people now more widely understand the positive impact this peptide can have on human healthspan," Younggren said. "Peptides have broad targets across human physiology, and each one must be explored independently."
Other common types of peptides help with growth hormone production, healing and tissue repair, skin and hair health, immune regulation, and cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation.
Despite some claims of peptides extending lifespan, Younggren cautioned that no longevity therapy or treatment should be considered a "fountain of youth."
"The science is promising in specific areas, but the category as a whole is not a single, proven longevity solution," he said. "Peptides may be useful tools in select clinical contexts, but claims of universal rejuvenation are ahead of the evidence."
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Ben Perez, the biomedical technology specialist at Pure Tested Peptides in Pennsylvania, noted that some people have seen benefits in recovery, immunity and tissue repair, while others have reported positive outcomes related to sleep, lean body mass and recovery time.
However, while peptides show promise, he said some suggested results may be "overly optimistic."
"Some are anti-aging related and assist with cellular repair, release of growth hormones and metabolic functions," Perez, who oversees quality control of research peptides, told Fox News Digital. "However, the results can be inconsistent, and the assertions are usually greater than the supportive research."
Each type of peptide can be associated with its own potential side effects, experts say.
Growth hormone–related therapies, particularly those that act on the growth hormone (GH)–IGF-1 axis, can affect multiple hormone pathways and carry risks such as fluid retention, insulin resistance, headaches and joint symptoms, as well as changes in blood pressure or lipid levels, according to Dr. Anant Vinjamoori, M.D., a Harvard-trained physician and chief longevity officer at Superpower.
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"The pathways in the study of peptides are complex and can lead to imbalances in the hormones of the body," Perez said. "Other negative outcomes can be localized inflammation at the injection site and other reactions."
"Endocrine disorders, autoimmune disorders and history of cancer are further reasons to be more careful."
The most reliable way to receive peptide therapy is through injection, according to Vinjamoori, as some oral forms can be "under-absorbed" or may rely on added ingredients that can cause side effects.
"'Safe' is less about the route and more about the molecule, dose, purity and monitoring," he told Fox News Digital.
"Most peptides have an extremely strong track safety record based on the data we do have — but there is still much that we do not know."
Some peptides are FDA-approved for specific conditions, including GLP-1s and growth-hormone stimulators. These may be prescribed off-label in some contexts, although risks and benefits vary and evidence may be limited, according to experts.
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There are also some peptides that are not FDA-approved. "Many ‘fitness’ peptides discussed online are in early clinical phases or used only in research settings," Vinjamoori noted.
Perez warned that peptides have little to no regulation in many countries, which means online vendors may sell fake, poor-quality or dangerous products.
"Selling unproven, miracle-promising or supplement-peddling products with little accountability or third-party testing is a dangerous red flag," he said.
For those considering peptides, Vinjamoori recommends watching out for the following red flags.
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"The most effective longevity care is proactive, personalized, and grounded in biomarkers and scientific evidence," Younggren added. "It should be approached as a combination of lifestyle measures that contribute to better healthspan."
Perez emphasized the importance of starting conservatively. "Understand the science, know the source and get medical guidance," he advised. "Peptide therapy isn’t one-size-fits-all; it’s nuanced and still evolving."
While peptides may address issues that fall outside the reach of conventional medicine, Perez said, the supporting clinical data is still being developed.
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"Excessive use can lead to a decrease in their therapeutic effects and may cause adverse reactions, so more is not necessarily better," he cautioned.
Anyone interested in peptides should consult with a physician to ensure that they receive a safe product and that it is used appropriately.
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